25-Hydroxycholesterol promotes migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells

25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is enzymatically produced by cholesterol 25-hydorxylase in various organs and is involved in many processes, including lipid metabolism, inflammation and the immune response. However, the role of 25-HC in the migration and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) cells remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that 0.1 mu M 25-HC promoted ADC cell migration and invasion without affecting cell proliferation, especially after coculture with THP1-derived macrophages. Further investigation showed that 0.1 mu M 25-HC significantly stimulated interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) secretion in a coculture system and increased the expression of LXR and Snail. IL-1 beta also mimicked the effect of 25-HC. LXR knockdown notably blocked the 25-HC-induced Snail expression, migration and invasion in both the monoculture system and the coculture system, but it did not impact the effect of IL-1 beta, which suggested that IL-1 beta functioned in an LXR-independent manner. These results suggested that 25-HC promoted ADC cell migration and invasion in an LXR-dependent manner in the monoculture system but that in the coculture system, the 25-HC-induced IL-1 beta secretion enhanced the effect of 25-HC in an LXR-independent manner. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.