期刊
FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE
卷 9, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
FRONTIERS MEDIA SA
DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00244
关键词
neuroinflammation; human microglia; neuropathology; quantitative polymerase chain reaction; RNA-sequencing; activation phenotype
资金
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium
- NIH grant [1R21AG0440668]
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [U24 NS072026]
- National Institute on Aging [P30 AG19610]
- Arizona Department ofHealth Services [211002]
- Arizona Biomedical Research Commission [4001, 0011, 05-901, 1001]
- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (The Prescott Family Initiative)
Microglia are dependent on signaling through the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R/CD115) for growth and survival. Activation of CSF-1R can lead to cell division, while blocking CSF-1R can lead to rapid microglia cell death. CSF-1R has two ligands, the growth factors colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and the more recently identified interleukin-34 (IL-34). Studies of IL-34 activation of rodent microglia and human macrophages have suggested it has different properties to CSF-1, resulting in an anti-inflammatory reparative phenotype. The goal of this study was to identify if the responses of human postmortem brain microglia to IL-34 differed from their responses to CSF-1 with the aim of identifying different phenotypes of microglia as a result of their responses. To approach this question, we also sought to identify differences between IL-34, CSF-1, and CSF-1R expression in human brain samples to establish whether there was an imbalance in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using human brain samples [ inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG)] from distinct cohorts of AD, control and high pathology, or mild cognitive impairment cases, we showed that there was increased expression of CSF-1R and CSF-1 mRNAs in both series of AD cases, and reduced expression of IL-34 mRNA in AD ITG samples. There was no change in expression of these genes in RNA from cerebellum of AD, Parkinson's disease (PD), or control cases. The results suggested an imbalance in CSF-1R signaling in AD. Using RNA sequencing to compare gene expression responses of CSF-1 and IL-34 stimulated human microglia, a profile of responses to CSF-1 and IL-34 was identified. Contrary to earlier work with rodent microglia, IL-34 induced primarily a classical activation response similar to that of CSF-1. It was not possible to identify any genes expressed significantly different by IL-34-stimulatedmicroglia compared to CSF-1-stimulatedmicroglia, but both cytokines did induce certain alternative activation-associated genes. These profiles also showed that a number of genes associated with lysosomal function and A beta removal were downregulated by IL-34 and CSF-1 stimulation. Compared to earlier results our data indicate that CSF-1R stimulation by IL-34 or CSF-1 produced similar types of responses by elderly postmortem brain-derived microglia.
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