Identification and pharmacological characterization of succinate receptor agonists

Background and PurposeThe succinate receptor (formerly GPR91 or SUCNR1) is described as a metabolic sensor that may be involved in homeostasis. Notwithstanding its implication in important (patho)physiological processes, the function of succinate receptors has remained ill-defined because no pharmacological tools were available. We report on the discovery of the first family of potent synthetic agonists. Experimental ApproachWe screened a library of succinate analogues and analysed their activity on succinate receptors. Also, we modelled a pharmacophore and a binding site for this receptor. New agonists were identified based on the information provided by these two approaches. Their activity was studied in various bioassays, including measurement of cAMP levels, [Ca2+](i) mobilization, TGF- shedding and recruitment of arrestin 3. The in vivo effects of activating succinate receptors with these new agonists was evaluated on rat BP. Key ResultsWe identified cis-epoxysuccinic acid and cis-1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid as agonists with an efficacy similar to that of succinic acid. Interestingly, cis-epoxysuccinic acid was 10- to 20-fold more potent than succinic acid on succinate receptors. For example, cis-epoxysuccinic acid reduced cAMP levels with a pEC(50)=5.570.02 (EC50=2.7M), compared with succinate pEC(50)=4.54 +/- 0.08 (EC50=29M). The rank order of potency of the three agonists was the same in all in vitro assays. Both cis-epoxysuccinic and cis-1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid were as potent as succinate in increasing rat BP. Conclusions and ImplicationsWe describe new agonists at succinate receptors that should facilitate further research on this understudied receptor.