Combined replacement of fishmeal and fish oil in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Production performance, tissue composition and liver morphology

The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of maximum replacement of fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) by alternative meals (AM) and oils (AO) to develop nutritious, but more eco-friendly diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. European sea bass of 9.8 +/- 1.5 g and 9.1 +/- 0.5 cm were fed nine isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isolipidic (21%) diets containing gradually reduced levels of FM and FO as follows (%FM/%FO): 58/15, 20/6, 20/3, 10/6, 10/3, 5/6, 5/3 and 0/0. Another diet, 0/0(+), was similar to the 0/0 but supplemented with LC-PUFA from microbial and marine sources. After 90 days of feeding, European sea bass fed the 0/0 diet showed reduced (P < 0.05) final weight, final length, condition factor, perivisceral fat index and viscero-somatic index as well as feed efficiency, whereas addition of LC-PUFA significantly improved daily growth index (DGI) (0/0(+) diet). Reduction of FM/FO down to 5/3 did not significantly affect fish survival or condition factor, whereas reduction to 5/6 did neither affect sea bass length or feed conversion and reduction down to 10/3 did not affected body weight, DGI and perivisceral fat or visceral weight. FM reductions down to 5% significantly reduced growth rate. FO substitution by vegetable oils (VO) led to reduced growth and increased liver to body weight ratios, liver lipid deposition and hepatocellular size. In liver and muscle, FO substitution increased n-6 fatty acids (FA) and n-6/n-3 ratio and reduced saturated FA and n-3 LC-PUFA, whereas monounsaturated FA were not increased in proportion to dietary contents. Moreover, FO reduction increased the products from Delta 6 desaturase and elongases, Elovl6 and Elovl5. In conclusion, the results of this study show that it is possible to reduce dietary FM and FO levels down to 10% and 3% in mostly plant-based diets without affecting growth performance of European sea bass juveniles.