Biosynthesis of zinc sulfide quantum dots using waste off-gas from a metal bioremediation process

Dissimilatory reduction of sulfate, mediated by various species of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and a few characterized species of archaea, can be used to remediate acid mine drainage (AMD). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S/HS-) generated by SRB removes toxic metals from AMD as sulfide biominerals. For this, SRB are usually housed in separate reactor vessels to those where metal sulfides are generated; H2S is delivered to AMD-containing vessels in solution or as a gas, allowing controlled separation of metal precipitation and facilitating enhanced process control. Industries such as optoelectronics use quantum dots (QDs) in various applications, e.g. as light emitting diodes and in solar photovoltaics. QDs are nanocrystals with semiconductor bands that allow them to absorb light and re-emit it at specific wavelength couples, shifting electrons to a higher energy and then emitting light during the relaxation phase. Traditional QD production is costly and/or complex. We report the use of waste H2S gas from an AMD remediation process to synthesize zinc sulfide QDs which are indistinguishable from chemically prepared counterparts with respect to their physical and optical properties, and highlight the potential for a empirical process to convert a gaseous waste into a high value product.