Spatial reorganization of urban logistics system and its impacts: Case of Tokyo

We use the comprehensive freight survey data from 2003 and 2013 to analyze how the restructuring of logistics industry that occurred amid the broad trend of decentralization in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area has affected the efficiency of truck shipments. The analysis reveals that the negative effects of the outward migration of logistics facilities were offset by the increase in average shipment load and efficient spatial distribution of logistics facilities that occurred in parallel with the decentralization. As a result, the truck shipment efficiency improved by 4%. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.