Off-offshoring from Russia to Ukraine: How Russian Transnational Entrepreneurs Created a Post-Soviet IT Offshore

Offshore has become a staple term in the lexicon of economic globalization, and, yet, it has also become a bit of a black-box term. The range of meanings attached tends to mask the complex, dynamic, and emergent qualities that are vital for the constant reinvention of offshore spaces. This article examines the activities of Russian transnationalizing entrepreneurs of the Russian information technology (IT) offshorea sector that is made up principally of firms based in Russia specialized in providing IT and software services for clients located in Western Europe and North Americaand analyzes how their unique experiment to expand operations to Ukraine is generating a new spatial reality, one with internal hierarchies and subspaces, which I call the off-offshore.Drawing on the narratives of engineers, managers, and directors of Russian firms who drive the creation of this new off-offshoring reality, the article focuses on the process and practices developed by transnationalizing entreprenuers. I document how these actors devised the initial attempts for expanding their operations in Ukraine, how they proceeded to implement and adapt their plans, and what languagefrom biological metaphors to pragmatic business terminologythey use to grasp the newness of this process. The article highlights various unexpected difficulties that the firms encountered in their expansion efforts and discusses the unique new multidimensional knowledge work spacethat becomes the reality of such firms as a result of experimental rhizomatic techniques and practices that they developsuch as management circulation, multidirectional and reversed training, and the development of online forums and in the flesh groups to encourage enthusiasts based in the new locations.