Soft Carbon as Anode for High-Performance Sodium-Based Dual Ion Full Battery

Sodium-based dual ion full batteries (NDIBs) are reported with soft carbon as anode and graphite as cathode for the first time. The NDIBs operate at high discharge voltage plateau of 3.58 V, with superior discharge capacity of 103 mA h g(-1), excellent rate performance, and long-term cycling stability over 800 cycles with capacity retention of 81.8%. The mechanism of Na+ and PF6- insertion/desertion during the charging/discharging processes is proposed and discussed in detail, with the support of various spectroscopies.