Impact of congestion on greenhouse gas emissions for road transport in Mumbai metropolitan region

Traffic congestion on roads not only increases the fuel consumption but consequently leads to increase in carbon dioxide emissions, outdoor air pollution as well as increase in the exposure time of the passengers. We analyse the greenhouse gas emissions for road transport sector in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) using fuel consumption and the vehicle kilometre travelled methods. In addition, by conducting traffic survey on four major roads in MMR, the congestion factor was established to estimate the share of greenhouse gas emissions from the road transport sector that can be attributed to traffic congestion. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.