In vivo self-assembled nanoprobes for optimizing autophagy-mediated chemotherapy

Autophagic therapy is regarded as a promising strategy for disease treatment. Appropriate autophagy regulations in vivo play a crucial role in translating this new concept from benchside to bedside. So far, emerging technologies are required to spatially and quantitatively monitor autophagic process in vivo in order to minimize the cytotoxity concerns associated with autophagy-mediated therapy. We successfully demonstrate the proof-of-concept study on autophagy-mediated chemotherapy in mice. Here, we describe a photoacoustic (PA) nanoprobe based on in vivo self-assembly idea for real-time and quantitative detection of autophagy in mice for the first time. The purpurin-18 (P18) monomer is connected to hydrophilic poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (4th generation) through a peptide (GKGSFGFTG) that can be cleaved by an autophagy-specific enzyme, i.e., ATG4B, consequently resulting in aggregation of P18 and enhanced PA signals. Based on this aggregation-induced turn-on PA signals, we noninvasively determine the ATG4B activity for monitoring autophagy of tumor in vivo. According to the results of PA imaging, we could optimize chemotherapy efficacy.through precisely modulating autophagy, which thereby decrease systemic toxicity from chemotherapeutics and autophagy inhibitors. We envision it will pave the way for developing autophagy-based treatment of diseases in the future. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.