Somatic mutations in clonally expanded cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis

Somatic mutations contribute to tumorigenesis. Although these mutations occur in all proliferating cells, their accumulation under non-malignant conditions, such as in autoimmune disorders, has not been investigated. Here, we show that patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis have expanded CD8(+) T-cell clones; in 20% (5/25) of patients CD8(+) T cells, but not CD4(+) T cells, harbour somatic mutations. In healthy controls (n = 20), only one mutation is identified in the CD8(+) T-cell pool. Mutations exist exclusively in the expanded CD8(+) effector-memory subset, persist during follow-up, and are predicted to change protein functions. Some of the mutated genes (SLAMF6, IRF1) have previously been associated with autoimmunity. RNA sequencing of mutation-harbouring cells shows signatures corresponding to cell proliferation. Our data provide evidence of accumulation of somatic mutations in expanded CD8(+) T cells, which may have pathogenic significance for RA and other autoimmune diseases.