Circulation and water properties in the landfast ice zone of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea

Moorings, hydrography, satellite-tracked drifters, and high-frequency radar data describe the annual cycle in circulation and water properties in the landfast ice zone (LIZ) of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Three seasons, whose duration and characteristics are controlled by landfast ice formation and ablation, define the LIZ: winter, break-up, and open-water. Winter begins in October with ice formation and ends in June when rivers commence discharging. Winter LIZ ice velocities are zero, under-ice currents are weak (similar or equal to 5 cm s(-1)), and poorly correlated with winds and local sea level. The along-shore momentum balance is between along-shore pressure gradients and bottom and ice-ocean friction. Currents at the landfast ice-edge are swift (similar to 35 cm s(-1)), wind-driven, with large horizontal shears, and potentially unstable. Weak cross-shore velocities (similar to 1 cm s(-1)) imply limited exchanges between the LIZ and the outer shelf in winter. The month-long break-up season (June) begins with the spring freshet and concludes when landfast ice detaches from the bottom. Cross-shore currents increase, and the LIZ hosts shallow (similar to 2 m), strongly-stratified, buoyant and sediment-laden, under-ice river plumes that overlie a sharp, similar to 1 m thick, pycnocline across which salinity increases by similar to 30. The plume salt balance is between entrainment and cross-shore advection. Break-up is followed by the 3-month long open-water season when currents are swift (>= 20 cm s(-1)) and predominantly wind-driven. Winter water properties are initialized by fall advection and evolve slowly due to salt rejection from ice. Fall waters and ice within the LIZ derive from local rivers, the Mackenzie and/or Chukchi shelves, and the Arctic basin.