The mechanical behavior of skin: Structures and models for the finite element analysis

Soft biological tissues are complex materials with a large structural variety, with differences in behavior, but with some common characteristics. Skin is an archetypal soft tissue which presents many common characteristics to other soft biological tissues, like being a multilayer collagen-reinforced structure, with nonlinear behavior, anisotropy, viscosity, preconditioning effects, internal stresses and tissue growth and adaptation. Departing from a detailed description of the structures of the skin and the experimental evidence, we herein analyze the different modeling approaches in the literature for the distinct aspects of the skin behavior, with attention to the implementation in finite element codes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.