期刊
APOPTOSIS
卷 22, 期 10, 页码 1189-1204出版社
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1413-z
关键词
Primary necrosis; Apoptosis; Secondary necrosis; Efferocytosis; Inflammation; Cancer immunotherapy
资金
- Medical University of Vienna
When apoptotic cells are not cleared in an efficient and timely manner, they progress to secondary necrosis and lose their membrane integrity. This results in a leakage of immunostimulatory, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), similar to accidental (or primary) necrosis. However, primary necrosis is a sudden event with an inadvertent release of almost unmodified DAMPs. Secondary necrotic cells, in contrast, have gone through various modifications during the process of apoptosis. Recent research revealed that the molecules released from the cytoplasm or exposed on the cell surface differ between primary necrosis, secondary necrosis, and regulated necrosis such as necroptosis. This review gives an overview of these differences and focusses their effects on the immune response. The implications to human physiology and diseases are manifold and will be discussed in the context of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and autoimmunity.
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