Experimental techniques for characterising water in wood covering the range from dry to fully water-saturated

Water plays a central role in wood research, since it affects all material properties relevant to the performance of wood materials. Therefore, experimental techniques for characterising water within wood are an essential part of nearly all scientific investigations of wood materials. This review focuses on selected experimental techniques that can give deeper insights into various aspects of water in wood in the entire moisture domain from dry to fully water-saturated. These techniques fall into three broad categories: (1) gravimetric techniques that determine how much water is absorbed, (2) fibre saturation techniques that determine the amount of water within cell walls, and (3) spectroscopic techniques that provide insights into chemical wood-water interactions as well as yield information on water distribution in the macro-void wood structure. For all techniques, the general measurement concept is explained, its history in wood science as well as advantages and limitations.