Electrokinetic-enhanced permanganate delivery and remediation of contaminated low permeability porous media

Back diffusion of contaminants from low permeability strata has inhibited site remediation and closure due to an inability to deliver remediants into these strata. This study demonstrates the potential of electrokinetics (EK) to significantly reduce back diffusion of chlorinated compounds from low permeability porous media. Experiments were conducted in a two-dimensional sandbox packed with vertical layers of coarse sand and silt contaminated with aqueous trichloroethene (TCE). Three experiments, each approximately 41 days in duration, compared EK-enhanced in situ chemical oxidation (DC-ISCO) to EK or ISCO alone. EK-ISCO successfully delivered the oxidant (permanganate, PM) throughout the silt crosssection while ISCO without EK resulted only in PM delivery to the edges of the silt layer fringes. EKISCO resulted in a 4.4-fold reduction in TCE concentrations in the coarse sand compared to a 3.5-fold reduction from ISCO alone. EK-ISCO with a 25 mA current was found to be more effective than with 300 mA current. Overall, this study suggests that electrokinetics coupled with an appropriate in situ remediation technique, such as ISCO, can enhance remediation of lower permeability strata and limit the extent of contaminant back diffusion. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.