期刊
WATER RESEARCH
卷 125, 期 -, 页码 438-448出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.057
关键词
Norovirus; Performance target; Tolerable disease burden; Virus logo reduction; Wastewater reclamation and reuse
资金
- Japan Sewage Works Promotion Fund
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [15K00591, 17H01854] Funding Source: KAKEN
Multiple-barriers are widely employed for managing microbial risks in water reuse, in which different types of wastewater treatment units (biological treatment, disinfection, etc.) and health protection measures (use of personal protective gear, vegetable washing, etc.) are combined to achieve a performance target value of log(10) reduction (LR) of viruses. The LR virus target value needs to be calculated based on the data obtained from monitoring the viruses of concern and the water reuse scheme in the context of the countries/regions where water reuse is implemented. In this study, we calculated the virus LR target values under two exposure scenarios for reclaimed wastewater irrigation in Japan, using the concentrations of indigenous viruses in untreated wastewater and a defined tolerable annual disease burden (10(-4) or 10(-6) disability-adjusted life years per person per year (DALY(pppy))). Three genogroups of norovirus (norovirus genogroup I (NoV GI), geogroup II (NoV GII), and genogroup IV (NoV GIV)) in untreated wastewater were quantified as model viruses using reverse transcription-microfluidic quantitative PCR, and only NoV GII was present in quantifiable concentration. The probabilistic distribution of NoV GII concentration in untreated wastewater was then estimated from its concentration dataset, and used to calculate the LR target values of NoV Gil for wastewater treatment. When an accidental ingestion of reclaimed wastewater by Japanese farmers was assumed, the NoV Gil LR target values corresponding to the tolerable annual disease burden of 10(-6) DALY(pppy) were 3.2, 4.4, and 5.7 at 95, 99, and 99.9%tile, respectively. These percentile values, defined as reliability, represent the cumulative probability of NoV Gil concentration distribution in untreated wastewater below the corresponding tolerable annual disease burden after wastewater reclamation. An approximate 1-logio difference of LR target values was observed between 10(-4) and 10(-6) DALY(pppy). The LR target values were influenced mostly by the change in the logarithmic standard deviation (SD) values of NoV GIl concentration in untreated wastewater and the reliability values, which highlights the importance of accurately determining the probabilistic distribution of reference virus concentrations in source water for water reuse. (C) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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