Heteroleptic (N-heterocyclic carbene)-Pd-pyrazole (indazole) complexes: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activities towards C-C and C-N cross-coupling reactions

Eight heteroleptic palladium complexes containing both N-heterocyclic carbenes and NH-heterocycle azoles (pyrazole and indazole) were synthesized and characterized, and their structures were unambiguously confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Further investigation of the complexes as catalysts in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction and Buchwald-Hartwig amination revealed good reactivities for aryl chlorides.