Metabolomics in gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes that is first diagnosed during pregnancy in the absence of existing type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Early screening tools for GDM are currently unavailable, but metabolomics is a promising approach for detecting biomarkers of GDM. This review evaluates recent GDM studies employing metabolomic techniques, highlighting the challenges in those studies and envisions the future directions for metabolomic study of GDM. A diverse range of predictive markers and dysregulated metabolic pathways have been associated with the pathogenesis of GDM, but these findings have lacked reproducibility among studies. The case-control study design has been most frequently employed in the studies of GDM, and most of them used specimens acquired in mid-pregnancy. However, this approach might not be adequate to recognise the complexity of the condition. The sample size in some of the studies is limited, and this may result in findings from a participant set that is not representative of the general population. Therefore, we propose that future metabolomic studies pertaining to GDM use a cross-platform approach employing unified diagnostic criteria, a longitudinal cohort, and innovative data processing methods to allow for full-scale identification and comprehensive coverage of the metabolome. In addition, the relationship between the exposure to environmental chemicals such as endocrine disruptors and the development of GDM should be further investigated in future studies.