Genetics in ankylosing spondylitis - Current state of the art and translation into clinical outcomes

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the prototypic form of axial spon-dyloarthritis (axSpA). It is highly heritable, with studies conducted in twins and in unrelated cases and controls showing that the heritability for AS is much higher than those for inflammatory bowel disease or rheumatoid arthritis. To date, 116 loci have been identified, contributing to 28% of the genetic variation in the disease. These loci provide important clues into pathogenic pathways in the disease that have led to therapeutic advances such as the repositioning of IL-17 inhibitors in the disease. Much more research is currently required to determine the functional mechanisms by which the genetic associations operate, from which it is likely that novel therapeutic approaches will be developed. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.