Food fraud prevention shifts the food risk focus to vulnerability

Background: Food fraud including the sub-category of economically motivated adulteration is illegal intentional deception for economic gain using food. The types of food fraud include adulterant substances (adulteration), substitution, dilution, stolen goods, tampering, diversion and gray market product, smuggling, unauthorized product or unauthorized re-filling, misrepresentation or mislabeling, and intellectual property rights counterfeiting. Key events include Sudan Red colorant, melamine in infant formula and pet foods, species swapping of fish, counterfeit branded chocolate, and horsemeat in packages labeled as beef. While most food fraud events do not have an immediate hazard, the food supply is vulnerable. The issue involves intelligent human adversaries, so the response is uniquely complex regarding mitigation and prevention. Scope and approach: This commentary provides insight on the unpredictability and potential economic gain to fraudsters; and presents food fraud as an emerging, unique and autonomous food research area. The need to assess a food fraud event shifts the focus from the traditional internal process controls and human health risk assessment to prevention and vulnerability reduction. The goal is not to catch food fraud but to prevent the event from ever occurring food fraud prevention. Key Findings and Conclusions: Often, traditional food safety or food defense countermeasures and assessment methods are ill-fitting tools for the unique food fraud prevention goals. To address the root cause of fraud, food science and technology research should expand to include social science, criminology, and business decision-making. This commentary provides insight that a shift from risk mitigation to vulnerability prevention is necessary for food fraud prevention. We provide clarity on important terms, which include event, incident, hazard, crisis, and threat. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.