期刊
PHYSICAL REVIEW D
卷 96, 期 12, 页码 -出版社
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.96.122003
关键词
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资金
- (Argentina) Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica
- Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET)
- Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza
- Municipalidad de Malargue
- (Australia) the Australian Research Council
- (Brazil) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)
- Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP)
- Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)
- Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2010/07359-6, 1999/05404-3]
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Tecnologia (MCT)
- (France) Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Conseil Regional Ile-de-France
- Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS)
- Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS)
- Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme Grant [LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63, ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02]
- (Germany) Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
- Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg
- Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP)
- Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF)
- Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
- Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg
- (Italy) Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)
- Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR)
- CETEMPS Center of Excellence
- Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE)
- (Mexico) Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) [167733]
- Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM)
- PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM
- (Netherlands) Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)
- Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM)
- (Poland) National Centre for Research and Development [ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11, ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11]
- National Science Centre [2013/08/M/ST9/00322, 2013/08/M/ST9/00728, HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198]
- (Portugal) Portuguese national funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE)
- FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE)
- (Romania) Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS
- CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects [20/2012, 194/2012, PN 16 42 01 02]
- (Slovenia) Slovenian Research Agency
- (Spain) Comunidad de Madrid
- Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds
- Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad
- Xunta de Galicia
- European Community 7th Framework Program [FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826]
- (USA) Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107, DE-SC0011689]
- National Science Foundation [0450696]
- Grainger Foundation
- Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET (European Union)
- European Particle Physics Latin American Network
- European Union 7th Framework Program [PIRSES-2009-GA-246806]
- European Union's Horizon Research and Innovation Programme [646623]
- UNESCO
- [MSMT CR LG15014]
- [LO1305]
- [LM2015038]
- [CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16\_013/0001402]
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0011689] Funding Source: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien
- Division Of Astronomical Sciences [1153335] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Physics
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1506486] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Division Of Physics
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1506232] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
We present a new method for probing the hadronic interaction models at ultrahigh energy and extracting details about mass composition. This is done using the time profiles of the signals recorded with the water-Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The profiles arise from a mix of the muon and electromagnetic components of air showers. Using the risetimes of the recorded signals, we define a new parameter, which we use to compare our observations with predictions from simulations. We find, first, inconsistencies between our data and predictions over a greater energy range and with substantially more events than in previous studies. Second, by calibrating the new parameter with fluorescence measurements from observations made at the Auger Observatory, we can infer the depth of shower maximum X-max for a sample of over 81,000 events extending from 0.3 to over 100 EeV. Above 30 EeV, the sample is nearly 14 times larger than what is currently available from fluorescence measurements and extending the covered energy range by half a decade. The energy dependence of < X-max > is compared to simulations and interpreted in terms of the mean of the logarithmic mass. We find good agreement with previous work and extend the measurement of the mean depth of shower maximum to greater energies than before, reducing significantly the statistical uncertainty associated with the inferences about mass composition.
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