The effects of biochar and inorganic amendments on soil remediation in the presence of hyperaccumulator plant

Industrialization advances have led to an increase soil contamination by heavy metals. Among different technologies, in situ stabilization of metals combined with revegetation attracted attention. Therefore, this study aimed at comparing effects of biochars [rice husk biochar (RHB), maple leaves biochar (MLB)] and common inorganic amendments [red mud (RM), and steel slag (SS)] at different rates (0.5, 1, and 2% w/w) on leaching, and phytoavailability of metals (assessed using mustard green Brassica juncea). Soil pH in treated soils significantly (p < 0.01) increased, with the optimal pH ranges for plant growth observed in biochar-treated soils. The leaching of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn through soil significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in treated soils. Plant uptake and accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn decreased by 79-66, 13-19, 87-86, and 37-36% in RHB- and MLB-treated soils, respectively. Sequential extraction analysis pointed out that the major stabilization mechanism for metals using biochars involved the formation of organic and carbonate bonds, while for RM and SS was believed to involve the formation of inner sphere complexes with Fe/Al (hydr)oxides. The plant available fractions for Cd were generally higher than those for others. Overall, high dosage addition (2%) of each amendment offered the best compromise as it successfully reduced both leaching and phytoavailability of metals. Using MLB for the first time, showed promising results to immobilize metals with an increase in plant biomass.