Application of additional factors supporting the microextraction process

Due to the fact that green analytical chemistry is of high importance, the past two decades have witnessed a rapid growth in the sample preparation area with special emphasis on simplification, miniaturization and automation of extraction procedures. In addition, to accelerate the extraction processes and to improve the separation of analytes, several enhanced parameters are applied. These factors include, ultrasounds, microwaves, air, electrical potential and addition of surfactants. Application of these parameters into extraction techniques such like DLLME, EME, LPME bring many advantages including higher extraction efficiency, lower LOD and LOQ parameters, reduced environmental hazards, and consumption of less extracting solvent. Therefore, such techniques like ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid liquid microextraction, electro-enhanced hollow fiber membrane liquid phase microextraction, vortex-assisted matrix solid liquid dispersive microextraction and others are extensively used in analytical practice. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.