Nail polish and carbon powder: An attractive mixture to prepare paper-based electrodes

A simple and inexpensive procedure of paper-based electrode (PE) fabrication using A4 size conventional paper, nail polish and carbon powder is reported. The device was prepared by spreading the carbon conductive ink directly onto the paper substrate using a paint-brush. The best composition of the conductive ink was 80: 20% (m:m) carbon powder: nail polish and the best device was obtained with 100 mg (2.5 mg cm(-2)) of carbon conductive ink spread on the paper piece. The proposed device showed satisfactory stability in acidic, neutral and alkaline medium in presence of ferrocyanide ion used as electrochemical probe. Dopamine was selected as a target compound to evaluate the possibility of using the proposed device for electroanalytical purposes. Differential pulse voltammetry was used in these studies and dopamine detection was achieved at +0.13 V vs. Ag/AgClsat in phosphate buffer solution pH = 7 with a detection limit of 5.2 mu mol L-1. The proposed device represents an interesting advance in the field of PE construction since it combines satisfactory electrochemical stability and electroanalytical performance with simplicity and widely available low-cost materials. Moreover, chemical modifiers can be easily added to the conductive ink. Therefore, this versatile device brings exciting possibilities for future electroanalytical applications mainly for those that require small and/or flexible devices, such as the amperometric detection in microfluidic systems. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.