Particle-hole symmetry for composite fermions: An emergent symmetry in the fractional quantum Hall effect

The particle-hole (PH) symmetry of electrons is an exact symmetry of the electronic Hamiltonian confined to a specific Landau level, and its interplay with the formation of composite fermions has attracted much attention of late. We investigate an emergent symmetry in the fractional quantum Hall effect, namely, the PH symmetry of composite fermions, which relates states at composite fermion filling factors v* = n + (v) over bar and v* = n + 1 - (v) over bar, where the integer n is the Lambda-level index and 0 <= (v) over bar <= 1. Detailed calculations using the microscopic theory of composite fermions demonstrate the following for low-lying Lambda levels (small n): (i) The two-body interaction between composite-fermion particles is very similar, apart from a constant additive term and an overall scale factor, to that between composite-fermion holes in the same Lambda level; and (ii) the three-body interaction for composite fermions is an order of magnitude smaller than the two-body interaction. Taken together, these results imply an approximate PH symmetry for composite fermions in low Lambda levels, which is also supported by exact-diagonalization studies and available experiments. This symmetry, which relates states at electron filling factors v = n+(v) over bar /2(n+(v) over bar +/- 1 and v = n+1-(v) over bar /2(n+1-(v) over bar)+/- 1, is not present in the original Hamiltonian and owes its existence entirely to the formation of composite fermions. With increasing Lambda-level index, the two- body and three- body pseudopotentials become comparable, but at the same time they both diminish in magnitude, indicating that the interaction between composite fermions becomes weak as we approach v = 1/2.