期刊
SOLAR PHYSICS
卷 292, 期 8, 页码 -出版社
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s11207-017-1125-0
关键词
Energetic particles; Electrons; Flares; Energetic particles; Spectral line; Theory; Spectral line; Intensity and diagnostics; Solar wind; Theory; Spectrum; X-ray
资金
- Grant Agency of the Czech Republic [17-16447S]
- STFC
- Royal Society via Newton Alumni programme
- NASA [NNX15AF25G]
- Polish National Science Centre [2013/11/B/ST9/00234]
- NASA at UC Berkeley [NNX08AO83G]
- UK Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/K001051/1]
- International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland
- University of Strathclyde (UK)
- Czech Academy of Sciences [RVO: 67985815]
- Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/P000665/1, ST/L000636/1, ST/M001083/1, PP/E001254/1, PP/E004857/2, ST/J000892/1, ST/P000673/1, ST/J00054X/1, ST/K001051/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- STFC [ST/P000665/1, ST/J00054X/1, ST/P000673/1, ST/K001051/1, PP/E004857/2, ST/J000892/1, ST/M001083/1, ST/L000636/1, PP/E001254/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- NASA [804055, NNX15AF25G] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
We review the presence and signatures of the non-equilibrium processes, both non-Maxwellian distributions and non-equilibrium ionization, in the solar transition region, corona, solar wind, and flares. Basic properties of the non-Maxwellian distributions are described together with their influence on the heat flux as well as on the rates of individual collisional processes and the resulting optically thin synthetic spectra. Constraints on the presence of high-energy electrons from observations are reviewed, including positive detection of non-Maxwellian distributions in the solar corona, transition region, flares, and wind. Occurrence of non-equilibrium ionization is reviewed as well, especially in connection to hydrodynamic and generalized collisional-radiative modeling. Predicted spectroscopic signatures of non-equilibrium ionization depending on the assumed plasma conditions are summarized. Finally, we discuss the future remote-sensing instrumentation that can be used for the detection of these non-equilibrium phenomena in various spectral ranges.
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