Global citizenship education redefined - A systematic review of empirical studies on global citizenship education

We performed a systematic conceptual review of empirical studies dealing with Global Citizenship Education (GCE) in the last ten years to reveal and analyze the patterns of contemporary research on GCE and to highlight the themes included in and excluded from the current academic discourse. We uncovered the dominant themes in this discourse. We further pinpointed a possible lacuna in the existing body of research and suggested a useful framework for future research developments in the area of GCE, as well as pitfalls to be avoided. Educators and policymakers in many countries increasingly seek to integrate GCE; understanding current research directions will help frame future research in a more precise and comprehensive matter. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.