Does arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus affect cadmium uptake and chemical forms in rice at different growth stages?

Effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) - Rhizophagus intraradices (a mix of root pieces, mycelium pieces and spores) on the temporal variation of Cd uptake and chemical forms in rice at four growth periods (tillering, jointing, flowering, and ripening stages) were investigated in soil added with 0, 2 and 10 mg Cd kg(-1). Results showed that the interactions amongst rice growth stages, soil Cd concentrations and mycorrhizal inoculation had significant effects (p (<) 0.001) on root biomass, straw and root Cd concentrations, and straw Cd chemical forms in rice. Root colonization rates fluctuated with growth stages, reaching its peak at jointing stage and then decreasing at flowering and ripening stages. AMF increased the grain yield in rice plant grown in soil added with 10 mg Cd kg(-1), whereas no effect was found in soil added with 2 mg Cd kg(-1). In soil added with 2 mg Cd kg(-1), the concentrations of ethanol and d-H2O extractable Cd at flowering stage was significantly reduced in mycorrhizal treatments, which subsequently induce less Cd accumulation in grains due to the positive correlations between ethanol or d-H2O extractable Cd and grain Cd concentrations at flowering stage. In soil added with 10 mg Cd kg(-1), AMF significantly elevated the proportions of NaCl extractable Cd at ripening stage which also lead to the reduced grain Cd concentrations, since there was a negative correlation between the percentage of NaCI extractable Cd and grain Cd concentration at this stage. Our study indicated that flowering and ripening stages were important periods for AMF to limit the grain Cd concentrations in rice, when grown in Cd-contaminated soil. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.