The oxygen isotopic composition of phosphate in river water and its potential sources in the Upper River Taw catchment, UK

The need to reduce both point and diffuse phosphorus pollution to aquatic ecosystems is widely recognised and in order to achieve this, identification of the different pollutant sources is essential. Recently, a stable isotope approach using oxygen isotopes within phosphate (delta O-18(pO4)) has been used in phosphorus source tracing studies. This approach was applied in a one-off survey in September 2013 to the River Taw catchment in south-west England where elevated levels of phosphate have been reported. River water delta O-18(pO4) along the main channel varied little, ranging from +17.1 to + 18.8%0. This was no >0.3%0 different to that of the isotopic equilibrium with water (E delta O-18(pO4)). The delta O-18(pO4) in the tributaries was more variable (+ 17.1 to +18.8%0), but only deviated from E delta O-18(pO4) by between 0.4 and 0.9%0. Several potential phosphate sources within the catchment were sampled and most had a narrow range of delta O-18(PO4) values similar to that of river E delta O-18(pO4). Discharge from two waste water treatment plants had different and distinct delta O-18(pO4) from one another ranging between +16.4 and +19.6%0 and similar values to that of a dairy factory final effluent (+16.5 to +17.8%0), mains tap water (+17.8 to +18.4%0), and that of the phosphate extracted from river channel bed sediment (+ 16.7 to +17.6L). Inorganic fertilizers had a wide range of values (+13.3 to +25.9%0) while stored animal wastes were consistently lower (+12.0 to +15.0%0) than most other sources and E delta O-18(pO4). The distinct signals from the waste water treatment plants were lost within the river over a short distance suggesting that rapid microbial cycling of phosphate was occurring, because microbial cycling shifts the isotopic signal towards E delta O-18(pO4). This study has added to the global inventory of phosphate source delta O-18(pO4) values, but also demonstrated the limitations of this approach to identifying phosphate sources, especially at times when microbial cycling is high. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.