Consecutive Morphology Controlling Operations for Highly Reproducible Mesostructured Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells have shown high photovoltaic performance but suffer from low reproducibility, which is mainly caused by low uniformity of the active perovskite layer in the devices. The nonuniform perovskites further limit the fabrication of large size solar cells. In this work, we control the morphology of CH3NH3PbI3 on a mesoporous TiO2 substrate by employing consecutive antisolvent dripping and solvent-vapor fumigation during spin coating of the precursor solution. The solvent-vapor treatment is found to enhance the perovskite pore filling and increase the uniformity of CH3NH3PbI3 in the porous scaffold layer but slightly decrease the uniformity of the perovskite capping layer. An additional antisolvent dripping is employed to recover the uniform perovskite capping layer. Such consecutive morphology controlling operations lead to highly uniform perovskite in both porous and capping layers. By using the optimized perovskite deposition procedure, the reproducibility of mesostructured solar cells was greatly improved such that a total of 40 devices showed an average efficiency of 15.3% with a very small standard deviation of 0.32. Moreover, a high efficiency of 14.9% was achieved on a large-size cell with a working area of 1.02 cm(2).