The anthropogenic cycle of zinc: Status quo and perspectives

Zinc is a key metal of industrial society that saw an unprecedented growth of its use between 2000 and 2010, largely driven by demand in Chilli. Nonetheless, a contemporary understanding of multilevel stocks and flows of zinc is lacking. This paper presents the cycles of relevant countries, eight world regions, and the globe for 2010, relying on material flow analysis (MFA) for results that have the potential to inform policy makers and future research. We estimate the global zinc end-of-life recycling rate at 33%, which helps achieve a 27% of fabricated zinc coming from secondary sources. Most losses occur in waste management, most of it in the end use sectors construction and transportation. Increasing collection rates in these two sectors should be a priority for closing the zinc cycle. China dominates the global anthropogenic zinc cycle, and relies on primary zinc from Latin America and the Caribbean and Oceania to support its zinc demand. Government and industry in Europe and North America should anticipate shifts in exports of their zinc-containing scrap due to the growing availability of Chinese end-of-life zinc. Further research combining this study with scenario analysis could provide the knowledge base to answer questions related to this issue. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.