期刊
ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL
卷 155, 期 5, 页码 -出版社
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.3847/1538-3881/aabaf5
关键词
instrumentation: spectrographs; planets and satellites: composition; planets and satellites: detection; techniques: imaging spectroscopy
资金
- Macau Science and Technology Development Fund [103/2017/A, 119/2017/A3, 075/2014/A2]
- Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration
- Minor Planet Foundation of Purple Mountain Observatory
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [11773087, 41422110]
How bright the Moon is forms a simple but fundamental and important question. Although numerous efforts have been made to answer this question such as use of sophisticated electro-optical measurements and suggestions for calibration sites, the answer is still debated. An in situ measurement with a calibration panel on the surface of the Moon is crucial for obtaining the accurate absolute reflectance and resolving the debate. China's Chang'E-3 (CE-3) Yutu rover accomplished this type of measurement using the Visible-Near Infrared Spectrometer (VNIS). The measurements of the VNIS, which were at large emission and phase angles, complement existing measurements for the range of photometric geometry. The in situ reflectance shows that the CE-3 landing site is very dark with an average reflectance of 3.86% in the visible bands. The results are compared with recent mission instruments: the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Wide Angle Camera (WAC), the Spectral Profiler (SP) on board the SELENE, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M-3) on board the Chandrayaan-1, and the Chang'E-1 Interference Imaging Spectrometer (IIM). The differences in the measurements of these instruments are very large and indicate inherent differences in their absolute calibration. The M-3 and IIM measurements are smaller than LROC WAC and SP, and the VNIS measurement falls between these two pairs. When using the Moon as a radiance source for the on-orbit calibration of spacecraft instruments, one should be cautious about the data. We propose that the CE-3 landing site, a young and homogeneous surface, should serve as the new calibration site.
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