The potential use of treated brewery effluent as a water and nutrient source in irrigated crop production

Brewery effluent (BE) needs to be treated before it can be released into the environment, reused or used in down-stream activities. This study demonstrated that anaerobic digestion (AD) followed by treatment in an integrated tertiary effluent treatment system transformed BE into a suitable solution for crop irrigation. Brewery effluent can be used to improve crop yields: Cabbage (Brassica oleracea cv. Star 3301), grew significantly larger when irrigated with post-AD, post-primary-facultative-pond (PFP) effluent, compared with those irrigated with post-constructed-wetland (CW) effluent or tap water only (p < 0.0001). However, cabbage yield when grown using BE was 13% lower than that irrigated with a nutrient-solution and fresh water; the electrical conductivity of BE (3019.05 +/- 48.72 mu s/cm(2)) may have been responsible for this. Post-CW and post-high-rate-algal-pond (HRAP) BE was least suitable due to their higher conductivity and lower nutrient concentration. After three months, soils irrigated with post-AD and post-PFP BE had a significantly higher sodium concentration and sodium adsorption ratio (3919 +/- 94.77 & 8.18 +/- 0.17 mg/kg) than soil irrigated with a commercial nutrient-solution (920.58 +/- 27.46 & 2.20 +/- 0.05 mg/kg). However, this was not accompanied by a deterioration in the soil's hydro-physical properties, nor a change in the metabolic community structure of the soil. The benefits of developing this nutrient and water resource could contribute to cost-reductions at the brewery, more efficient water, nutrient and energy management, and job creation. Future studies should investigate methods to reduce the build-up of salt in the soil when treated BE is used to irrigate crops.