Heterotrimeric G proteins in plant defense against pathogens and ABA signaling

Heterotrimeric G proteins are evolutionarily conserved protein complexes in eukaryotes, which are formed by alpha, beta and gamma subunits. In animals, they are activated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Past genetic analysis of individual subunits of plant heterotrimeric G proteins revealed their functions in many different biological processes. Recent studies suggest that unlike in animals, plant G proteins are not likely activated through GPCRs. Instead, receptor-like kinases probably serve as upstream receptors for heterotrimeric G proteins-mediated signaling. This review summarizes the relevance of heterotrimeric G proteins in plant responses to environmental stresses and discusses our current understanding of the mechanisms of how they regulate these processes. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.