Mechano-optical behavior of loosely crosslinked double-network hydrogels: Modeling and real-time birefringence measurement during uniaxial extension

Real-time uniaxial strain-induced birefringence in loosely crosslinked double-network (DN) hydrogels synthesized from acrylamide (AAm) and N, N-dimethyl(acrylamide) (DMA) was measured. Tensile tests were performed at different extension rates from quasi-static conditions to very rapid tests followed by a holding for relaxation. Both DN hydrogels exhibited negative birefringence whose absolute value increased with extension and remained constant during relaxation. DN hydrogel synthesized from AAm displayed a linear stress optical (birefringence - true stress) behavior, however, a nonlinear trend was observed for the DN gel synthesized from DMA. A simple photoelastic model was developed based on the mechanical behavior of the gels using Fung elastic potential and Brewster's stress-optical law, and the model was compared with the experimental data. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.