期刊
ENERGY RESEARCH & SOCIAL SCIENCE
卷 41, 期 -, 页码 59-70出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2018.04.011
关键词
Multi-level perspective (MLP); On- and off-grid energy resources; Regime transition
资金
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Hydro Research Foundation under Department of Energy [DE-EE0006506]
- National Science Foundation [DGE-1252522]
With the recent decline of renewable energy technology costs-most notably solar photovoltaics -off-grid energy systems are becoming increasingly attractive alternatives to grid extension for advancing rural electrification in Africa. However, there are institutional challenges to wider adoption of off-grid solutions. Combining a multi-level perspective with project funding data from the Kenyan and Tanzanian energy sectors, we assess the extent to which these new off-grid technologies have been incorporated into the existing energy regimes in both countries. Using a qualitative assessment of academic literature and official documents, and a quantitative assessment of energy investments, we find that although international development agencies have provided financial support for niche, off-grid companies, both global donors and the regime electricity sector operators in Kenya and Tanzania continue to favor on-grid and grid extension activities. While landscape influences on both countries are similar, we find that differences within the institutional regimes result in different development pathways for off-grid niches. In Kenya, unbundling and privatization efforts have attracted private investment in both on-and off-grid projects. Tanzania has more relaxed regulations for off-grid power producers, and a clearer regulatory framework for allowing off-grid operators to impose cost-reflective tariffs, which creates a supportive environment for niche innovation.
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