Discovery of a non-stereoselective cytochrome P450 catalyzing either 8α- or 8β-hydroxylation of germacrene A acid from the Chinese medicinal plant, Inula hupehensis

Sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) are C15 terpenoid natural products with alpha-methylene gamma-lactone moiety. A large proportion of STLs in Asteraceae species is derived from the central precursor germacrene A acid (GAA). Formation of the lactone rings depends on the regio-(C6 or C8) and stereoselective (alpha- or beta-)hydroxylations of GAA, producing STLs with four distinct stereo-configurations (12,6 alpha-, 12,6-, 12, 8 alpha-, and 12,8 beta-olide derivatives of GAA) in nature. Curiously, two configurations of STLs (C12,8 alpha and C12,8 beta) are simultaneously present in the Chinese medicinal plant, Inula hupehensis. However, how these related yet distinct STL stereo-isomers are co-synthesized in I. hupehensis remains unknown. Here, we describe the functional identification of the I. hupehensis cytochrome P450 (CYP71BL6) that can catalyze the hydroxylation of GAA in either 8 alpha-or 8 beta-configuration, resulting in the synthesis of both 8 alpha- and 8 beta-hydroxyl GAAs. Of these two products, only 8 alpha-hydroxyl GAA spontaneously lactonizes to the C12,8 alpha-STL while the 8 beta-hydroxyl GAA remains stable without lactonization. Chemical structures of the C12,8 alpha-STL, named inunolide, and 8 beta-hydroxyl GAA were fully elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and mass spectrometry. The CYP71BL6 displays 63-66% amino acid identity to the previously reported CYP71BL1/2 catalyzing GAA 6aor 8 beta-hydroxylation, indicating CYP71BL6 shares the same evolutionary lineage with other stereoselective cytochrome P450s, but catalyzes hydroxylation in a non-stereoselective manner. We observed that the CYP71BL6 transcript abundance correlates closely to the accumulation of C12,8-STLs in I. hupehensis. The identification of CYP71BL6 provides an insight into the biosynthesis of STLs in Asteraceae.