期刊
ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT
卷 97, 期 -, 页码 78-93出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.03.018
关键词
Demand response; Energy resource management; Fuel shifting demand response; Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles; Vehicles to grid
资金
- FEDER Funds through COMPETE program
- National Funds through FCT [FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER: PEst-OE/EEI/UI0760/2014]
- GID-MicroRede - COMPETE under FEDER via QREN Programme [34086]
- EUREKA - ITEA2 Project SEAS [12004]
In the smart grids context, distributed energy resources management plays an important role in the power systems' operation. Battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles should be important resources in the future distribution networks operation. Therefore, it is important to develop adequate methodologies to schedule the electric vehicles' charge and discharge processes, avoiding network congestions and providing ancillary services. This paper proposes the participation of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in fuel shifting demand response programs. Two services are proposed, namely the fuel shifting and the fuel discharging. The fuel shifting program consists in replacing the electric energy by fossil fuels in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles daily trips, and the fuel discharge program consists in use of their internal combustion engine to generate electricity injecting into the network. These programs are included in an energy resources management algorithm which integrates the management of other resources. The paper presents a case study considering a 37-bus distribution network with 25 distributed generators, 1908 consumers, and 2430 plug-in vehicles. Two scenarios are tested, namely a scenario with high photovoltaic generation, and a scenario without photovoltaic generation. A sensitivity analyses is performed in order to evaluate when each energy resource is required. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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