Balancing biomedical and ecological perspectives in research framing of liver fluke and cholangiocarcinoma in NE Thailand

This review examines the association of Asian liver flukes and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) from the standpoint of two contrasting research perspectives: that aligned with the biomedical model predominantly employed to date; and, that aligned with ecological (and evolutionary) thinking increasingly being used to frame research questions that address this association in Northeast Thailand. An examination of the assumptions that underlie most of this research, requisite of evidence-based health research, shows how a broadened research frame that incorporates 'ecologic' perspectives provides alternatives to the prevailing scientific interpretations and public narrative. A more balanced and integrative research approach that combines elements of the biomedical model and ecologic models of health is suggested to overcome the limited progress toward the reduction of liver fluke infection prevalence and CCA incidence in this region. Similarly, this approach presents an opportunity to further enhance collaborative research programs involving Parasitology and the complementary fields in the health sciences. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.