In situ Raman analyses of electrode materials for Li-ion batteries

The purpose of this review is to acknowledge the current state-of-the-art and the progress of in situ Raman spectro-electrochemistry, which has been made on all the elements in lithium-ion batteries: positive (cathode) and negative (anode) electrode materials. This technique allows the studies of structural change at the short-range scale, the electrode degradation and the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. We also discuss the results in the perspective of spatial and real-time investigations by in situ Raman imaging (mapping) during charge/discharge cycling.