Ion beam modification of zinc white pigment characterized by ex situ and in situ μ-Raman and XPS

Zinc oxide, known as zinc white, is one of the principal white pigments developed in the 18th century and was used by the Impressionist painters. ZnO as artists' pigment has occasionally been characterized by Xray and ion beam techniques, but these studies are limited by the potential for visible radiation effect. Ion beam modifications of zinc oxide have extensively been investigated, but mainly for electronic and industrial applications. In this paper, we focus our investigation on ion beam modification of ZnO used as pigment. Two irradiation conditions have been used: an external 3 MeV proton micro-beam representative of PIXE analysis and 2 MeV H+ and 1.2 MeV Au+ beams in vacuum to investigate irradiation modifications in electronic and nuclear energy loss regimes. Ion beam modification was characterized by ex situ and in situ micro-Raman spectrometry and XPS. The results shows that IBA of zinc white can be carried out safely in historical paintings with low current and dose. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.