期刊
出版社
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2016.11.064
关键词
Photomultiplier; Dynode; Transmission dynode; Tynode; Trynode; Secondary electron yield; Pixel; Imaging; Surface termination; Cesiation; Work function; (Negative) Electron affinity; Planacon
类别
资金
- ERC-Advanced Grant MEMBrane [320764]
- US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences [DE-AC02-98CH10886]
- U.S. DoE [KC0407-ALSJNT-I0013]
- European Research Council (ERC) [320764] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
By placing, in vacuum, a stack of transmission dynodes (tynodes) on top of a CMOS pixel chip, a single free electron detector could be made with outstanding performance in terms of spatial and time resolution. The essential object is the tynode: an ultra thin membrane, which emits, at the impact of an energetic electron on one side, a multiple of electrons at the other side. The electron yields of tynodes have been calculated by means of GEANT-4 Monte Carlo simulations, applying special low-energy extensions. The results are in line with another simulation based on a continuous charge-diffusion model. By means of Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) technology, tynodes and test samples have been realized. The secondary electron yield of several samples has been measured in three different setups. Finally, several possibilities to improve the yield are presented.
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