期刊
NEUROBIOLOGY OF DISEASE
卷 107, 期 -, 页码 41-56出版社
ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.007
关键词
Alzheimer's disease; Blood-brain barrier; Neurovascular unit; Vascular inflammation; Immune system cells; Leukocyte trafficking
资金
- European Research Council [695714 IMMUNOALZHEIMER, 261079 NEUROTRAFFICKING, 693606 IMPEDE]
- American Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS), New York, NY, USA
- Fondazione Cariverona
- Italian Ministry of Health grant [GR2009]
- Italian Ministry of Education and Research (MIUR)
- Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (FISM)
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the pathological accumulation of amyloid beta (A(3) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated neuronal tau protein. AD pathology is also characterized by chronic brain inflammation, which promotes disease pathogenesis. In this context, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly specialized endothelial cell membrane that lines cerebral microvessels, represents the interface between neural cells and circulating cells of the immune system. The BBB thus plays a key role in the generation and maintenance of chronic inflammation during AD. The BBB operates within the neurovascular unit (NVU), which includes clusters of glial cells, neurons and pericytes. The NVU becomes dysfunctional during AD, and each of its components may undergo functional changes that contribute to neuronal injury and cognitive deficit. In transgenic animals with AD-like pathology, recent studies have shown that circulating leukocytes migrate through the activated brain endothelium when certain adhesion molecules are expressed, penetrating into the brain parenchyma, interacting with the NVU components and potentially affecting their structural integrity and functionality. Therefore, migrating immune system cells in cerebral vessels act in concert with the modified BBB and may be integrated into the dysfunctional NVU. Notably, blocking the adhesion mechanisms controlling leukocyte-endothelial interactions inhibits both AS deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, and reduces memory loss in AD models. The characterization of molecular mechanisms controlling vascular inflammation and leukocyte trafficking could therefore help to determine the basis of BBB dysfunction during AD and may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.
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