Combinatorial Studies on Wet-Chemical Synthesized Ti-Doped α-Fe2O3: How Does Ti4+ Improve Photoelectrochemical Activity?

Hematite (alpha-Fe2O3)-based photoanode for photoelectrochemical water oxidation has been intensively studied for decades. Doping with isovalent or aliovalent ions is one way to mitigate several intrinsic drawbacks of bare hematite. While addition of Ti in the bulk has been reported for improving photoresponse, several aspects of effects of Ti impregnation have not been justified. In this work, Ti:Fe2O3 nanoellipsoids synthesized by a facile one-pot hydrothermal process present improved photoelectrochemical response. Tuned symmetry of Fe-O and Fe-Fe (Fe-Ti) with less recombination during charge transportation, tuned electron configuration of O-2p-Fe-4s4p hybridization in Ti-adjoining regime with enhanced electron relaxation within Fe2O3 lattice, suppressed O-2/H2O back reaction (reduction of O-2), and inhibit formation of surface defects during hydrothermal synthesis were attested by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Mott Schottky analysis, and photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Additionally, Ti:Fe2O3 showed enhanced light absorption. Hydrogen evolution rate of 11.76 mu mol h(-1) cm(-2) under illumination was observed while using Ti:Fe2O3 as the working electrode. Additional experiments on Mn4+ and In3+ incorporation showed mixed effects. This study provides insights and clarification toward Ti-doping of the hematite photoanode for solar hydrogen production from water.