期刊
NATURE CHEMISTRY
卷 9, 期 7, 页码 667-675出版社
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/NCHEM.2706
关键词
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资金
- National Creative Research Initiative [2010-0018272]
- Basic Science Research programmes in Korea [NRF-2012R1A1A1040142]
- EPSRC [EP/J009687/1]
- Royal Society
- Wolfson Foundation
- National Institutes of Health [GM103790]
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials [P2020-PTDC/QEQ-SUP/4283/2014, UID/CTM/50011/2013]
- iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine - National Funds through the FCT/MEC [UID/BIM/04501/2013]
- QREN-FEDER through COMPETE
- FCT [SFRH/BD/87520/2012]
- EPSRC [EP/J009687/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/J009687/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2010-0018272] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
Perturbations in cellular chloride concentrations can affect cellular pH and autophagy and lead to the onset of apoptosis. With this in mind, synthetic ion transporters have been used to disturb cellular ion homeostasis and thereby induce cell death; however, it is not clear whether synthetic ion transporters can also be used to disrupt autophagy. Here, we show that squaramide-based ion transporters enhance the transport of chloride anions in liposomal models and promote sodium chloride influx into the cytosol. Liposomal and cellular transport activity of the squaramides is shown to correlate with cell death activity, which is attributed to caspase-dependent apoptosis. One ion transporter was also shown to cause additional changes in lysosomal pH, which leads to impairment of lysosomal enzyme activity and disruption of autophagic processes. This disruption is independent of the initiation of apoptosis by the ion transporter. This study provides the first experimental evidence that synthetic ion transporters can disrupt both autophagy and induce apoptosis.
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