期刊
NATURE
卷 551, 期 7681, 页码 489-+出版社
NATURE PORTFOLIO
DOI: 10.1038/nature24632
关键词
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资金
- Scripps Research Institute
- NIH (NIGMS) [2R01 GM102265]
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Shanghai RAAS Blood Products Co., Ltd.
The directed activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (C-H) is important in the development of synthetically useful reactions, owing to the proximity-induced reactivity and selectivity that is enabled by coordinating functional groups(1-6). Palladium-catalysed non-directed C-H activation could potentially enable further useful reactions, because it can reach more distant sites and be applied to substrates that do not contain appropriate directing groups; however, its development has faced substantial challenges associated with the lack of sufficiently active palladium catalysts(7,8). Currently used palladium catalysts are reactive only with electron-rich arenes, unless an excess of arene is used(9-18), which limits synthetic applications. Here we report a 2-pyridone ligand that binds to palladium and accelerates non-directed C-H functionalization with arene as the limiting reagent. This protocol is compatible with a broad range of aromatic substrates and we demonstrate direct functionalization of advanced synthetic intermediates, drug molecules and natural products that cannot be used in excessive quantities. We also developed C-H olefination and carboxylation protocols, demonstrating the applicability of our methodology to other transformations. The site selectivity in these transformations is governed by a combination of steric and electronic effects, with the pyridone ligand enhancing the influence of sterics on the selectivity, thus providing complementary selectivity to directed C-H functionalization.
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