Cobalt phosphide nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets: Promising anode material with high rate capability and long cycle life for sodium-ion batteries

Cobalt phosphide (CoP) nanoparticles which were uniformly embedded in N-doped C nanosheets (CNSs) were fabricated via the simple one-step calcination of a Co-based metal-organic framework (MOF) and red P and exhibited a high capacity, fast kinetics, and a long cycle life. This CoP/CNS composite contained small CoP particles (approximately 11.3 nm) and P-C bonds. When its electrochemical properties were evaluated by testing CoP/Na coin cells, the composite delivered a Na-storage capacity of 598 mAh center dot g(-1) at 0.1 A center dot g(-1) according to the total mass of the composite, which means that the capacity of pure CoP reached 831 mAh center dot g(-1). The composite also exhibited a high rate capability and long-term cyclability (174 mAh center dot g(-1) at 20 A center dot g(-1) and 98.5% capacity retention after 900 cycles at 1 A center dot g(-1)), which are commonly attributed to robust P-C bonding and highly conductive CNSs. When the reaction mechanism of the CoP/CNS composite was investigated, a conversion reaction expressed as CoP + 3Na(+) + 3e(-) a dagger Co + Na3P was observed. The outstanding Na-storage properties of the CoP/CNS composite may suggest a new strategy for developing high-performance anode materials for Na-ion batteries.