Evodiamine attenuates TGF-β1-induced fibroblast activation and endothelial to mesenchymal transition

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of evodiamine on fibroblast activation in cardiac fibroblasts and endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts were stimulated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) to induce fibroblast activation. After co-cultured with evodiamine (5, 10 mu M), the proliferation and pro-fibrotic proteins expression of cardiac fibroblasts were evaluated. HUVECs were also stimulated with TGF-beta 1 to induce EndMT and treated with evodiamine (5, 10 mu M) at the same time. The EndMT response in the HUVECs was evaluated as well as the capacity of the transitioned endothelial cells migrating to surrounding tissue. As a result, Evodiamine-blunted TGF-beta 1 induced activation of cardiac fibroblast into myofibroblast as assessed by the decreased expressions of alpha-SMA. Furthermore, evodiamine reduced the increased protein expression of fibrosis markers in neonatal and adult rat cardiac fibroblasts induced by TGF-beta 1. HUVECs stimulated with TGF-beta 1 exhibited lower expression levels of CD31, CD34, and higher levels of alpha-SMA, vimentin than the control cells. This phenotype was eliminated in the HUVECs treated with both 5 and 10 mu M evodiamine. Evodiamine significantly reduced the increase in migration ability that occurred in response to TGF-beta 1 in HUVECs. In addition, the activation of Smad2, Smad3, ERK1/2, and Akt, and the nuclear translocation of Smad4 in both cardiac fibroblasts and HUVEC were blocked by evodiamine treatment. Thus, evodiamine could prevent cardiac fibroblasts from activation into myofibroblast and protect HUVEC against EndMT. These effects may be mediated by inhibition of the TGF beta pathway in both cardiac fibroblasts and HUVECs.