Infection pattern and negative effects of a facultative endosymbiont on its insect host are environment-dependent

Regiella insecticola is a bacterial endosymbiont in insects that exhibits a negative effect on the fitness of hosts. Thus, it is not clear why this costly endosymbiont can persist in host populations. Here, we tested a hypothesis that the infection pattern and negative roles of the endosymbiont were not constant but environmentally dependent. The grain aphids Sitobion avenae, belonging to different genotypes and infected with Regiella or not, were used in this study. We found that S. avenae populations were infected with Regiella, Hamiltonella defensa, Serratia symbiotica and Rickettsia. The predominant endosymbionts in the aphid populations varied with season. Serratia and Rickettsia were predominant from December to February while Regiella predominated from March to May. The vertical transmission of Regiella was poorer at high temperature, but following conditioning for seven generations, the transmission rate improved. Regiella inhibited the production of winged aphids at 25 degrees C, but it did not affect winged morph production at the higher temperatures of 28 degrees C and 31 degrees C. Regiella infection decreased the intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) of aphids at 25 degrees C and 28 degrees C. However, at 31 degrees C, the effect of Regiella on the r(m) varied depending on the aphid genotype and density. Thus, the negative effects of this endosymbiont on its host were environmentally dependent.